- Rome (Italy). Maestri delle Strade1
- Ros Pelayre, Miguel1
- Rossi, Azariah ben Moses dei, approximately 1511-approximately 1578. Tsedeḳ ʻOlamim1
- Royal supremacy (Church of England)1
- Rucellai, Cosimo, 1495-15191
- Rufina, Saint, -approximately 2871
- Rāfiʻī, ʻAbd al-Karīm ibn Muḥammad, 1162-1226. Muḥarrar1
- Sales (Islamic law)1
- Salt mines and mining1
- Samarqandī, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Abī Bakr, active 15th century. Risālah al-Samarqandīyah fī al-istiʻārāt1
- Samarqandī, Muḥammad ibn Ashraf, 13th cent. Risālah fī ādāb al-baḥth1
- Samarqandī, Muḥammad ibn Maḥmūd. Sharḥ al-Qaṣīdah al-fāʼiḥah fī tajwīd al-Fātiḥah1
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- Sancho IV, King of Castile and Leon, 1257-12951
- Sangalletti, Bastiano1
- Sangalletti, Vittoria1
- Saudi Arabia--Hejaz1
- Savelli, Troilo, -15921
- Scalandroni family1
- Schlüsselburg, Konrad, 1543-16191