- Philip III, King of Spain, 1578-16211
- Philip, Duke of Burgundy, 1396-14671
- Philipp I, Landgraf von Hessen, 1504-15671
- Pole, Reginald, 1500-15581
- Popes--Temporal power1
- Prayer--Islam1
- Princes1
- Qurʼan1
- Recitations1
- Requesens, Antonio de'1
- Requesens, Berengario de'1
- Requesens, Bernardo de'1
- Requesens, Giuseppe de'1
- Romania1
- Rosselmini, Giovanni1
- Rosselmini, Gregorio Tommaso1
- Salt industry and trade--Law and legislation1
- Savonarola, Girolamo, 1452-14981
- Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547)1
- Spain--Valladolid1