- Risālah al-waḍʻīyah (Ījī, ʻAḍud al-Dīn ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Aḥmad)1
- Risālah fī al-tawḥīd (Jaʻbarī, Arslān ibn Yaʻqūb)1
- Rituals1
- Roderick, King of the Visigoths, -711?1
- Rome (Empire)1
- Rāgamālā painting1
- Rāmizah fī ʻilmay al-ʻarūḍ wa-al-qāfiyah (Khazrajī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻUthmān)1
- Rāmāyaṇa (Vālmīki)1
- Rūmī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAbd Allāh, d. 15791
- Sabbath (Jewish law)1
- Sabbathaians1
- Sacred books1
- Sacred vocal music1
- Saints1
- Sakhāwī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Durrah al-bahīyah fī al-masāʼil al-fiqhīyah1
- Samarqandī, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Abī Bakr, 15th cent. Risālah al-Samarqandīyah1
- Samarqandī, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Abī Bakr, active 15th century. Risālah al-Samarqandīyah1
- Samarqandī, Muḥammad ibn Ashraf, 13th cent. Ashkāl al-taʼsīs1
- Samarqandī, Muḥammad ibn Ashraf, 13th cent. Risālah fī ādāb al-baḥth1
- Sancho II, King of Castile and Leon, 1037 or 1038-10721